Galicaftor

Enabling Synthesis of ABBV-2222, A CFTR Corrector for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

Stephen N. Greszler,*

Bhadra Shelat, and Eric A. Voight

Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States *Supporting Information

ystic fibrosis (CF) is a multiorgan disease that affects more than 70,000 people worldwide. Caused by a
deficiency or defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), its effects are widely observed among the lungs, sinuses, pancreas, and gastro- intestinal tract. Hundreds of the nearly 2000 known mutations to the CFTR protein have been attributed to causing the onset of disease, and these defects are grouped into several classes based on functional impact: tra ffi cking, production, function, and/or stability. In the subset of patients with a homozygous F508del mutation, where phenylalanine 508 is omitted, both a reduced quantity of matured CFTR channels at the cell surface and gating mutations (nonfunctional wild-type levels of CFTR ion channels on the cell surface) are known to contribute to the disease. Two classes of modulators are required for these patients: potentiators to effect opening of the CFTR channels at the cell surface and correctors to increase the number of functional channels. As part of a program devoted to the development of improved treatments for CF, we were tasked with identifying a viable synthetic route to enable rapid delivery of large quantities of material to support preclinical studies with lead ABBV-2222 (Figure 1), a potent corrector

Figure 1. Structure of ABBV-2222.

© XXXX American Chemical Society

A

compound currently in clinical trials. Herein, we describe the results of those efforts and the successful implementation of this route in the delivery of >100 g of ABBV-2222 for advanced preclinical characterization.
Our original synthetic target and lead compound was 1, which bore a methoxy group at C7 in contrast to the difluoromethoxy group of ABBV-2222 (Scheme 1). Retro-

Scheme 1. Retrosynthetic Analysis of 1 and ABBV-2222

synthetic analysis of this compound employed a late-stage amide coupling of amine hydrochloride 2 with the corresponding carboxylic acid fragment common to both target molecules. Encouraged by preliminary results from original analog syntheses employing the asymmetric Michael addition (Stoltz−Hayashi) of 4-carbomethoxyphenyl boronic acid to the corresponding chromenone 4, we chose to utilize the existing asymmetric approach to set the first stereocenter. This allowed us to focus our efforts on the stereoselective introduction of the primary amine through diastereoselective reductive amination.

Received: June 18, 2019

DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02099 Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX −XXX

Organic Letters
Our efforts commenced with the synthesis of chromenone 4, a commercially available compound which could also be conveniently prepared through condensation of 2-hydroxy,4- methoxyacetophenone with DMF-DMA (Scheme 2). With
Scheme 2. Asymmetric Flavanone Synthesis via Stoltz− Hayashi Addition

suffi cient supply of the Michael acceptor in hand, we investigated the addition of the boronic acid via asymmetric Pd-catalyzed 1,4-addition reported previously by Stoltz. When adapting the reaction to multigram scale, we generally observed lower conversions and isolated yields than were typically seen in smaller-scale reactions, but we were able to accommodate these results because they occurred early in the synthetic route. Workup consisted of filtration through a pad of silica to remove the boronic acid and subsequent crystallization to afford the desired product in 49% yield and 95% ee (Scheme 2).
Equipped with a reliable method for the synthesis of flavanone 3, we proceeded to form the O-methyl oxime through condensation with the corresponding hydroxylamine in pyridine, which occurred uneventfully to give 5a in high yield (Scheme 3). Similar O-methyl oximes previously allowed

Scheme 3. Oxime Formation and Diastereoselective Reduction

for diastereoselective synthesis of the corresponding primary amines via hydrogenation catalyzed by Pt/C in acetic acid, yet this particular intermediate was plagued by insolubility in HOAc that resulted in only complex product mixtures and poor conversion to the desired amine. Preparation of the O- benzyl oxime 5b, however, occurred in similar yield and resulted in a product fully soluble in the hydrogenation solvent. We initially observed a 13:1 crude diastereomeric mixture but conveniently upgraded both the diastereo- and enantiopurity through formation of the hydrochloride salt in a mixture of MTBE and acetic acid. Product 2 was thus isolated in an overall 79% yield from 5b with >50:1 dr and >98% ee.
Having established a viable route to key intermediate 2, we demonstrated the synthesis of >30 g of this compound in- house and initiated efforts to source several hundred grams from external vendors while we evaluated downstream chemistry. Concurrently, our medicinal chemistry colleagues had identified ABBV-2222 as a superior lead molecule based

on its predicted human dose and requested its late-stage substitution for compound 1 prior to candidate selection.
With the close structural similarity of ABBV-2222 to compound 1, we considered de novo synthesis of the corresponding C-7 difluoromethoxy analog of 2. However, because substantial external sourcing of the intermediate was already underway and preliminary experience with the oxime reduction revealed challenges with electron-deficient sub- strates, we chose instead to attempt late-stage introduction of the difluoromethoxy group from available intermediates (Scheme 4).

Scheme 4. Amide Coupling and Methyl Ether Deprotection

Amide formation from 2 through the acid chloride 6 cleanly afforded intermediate 7 in high yield (87%) after crystallization from ethyl acetate/heptanes. We successfully scaled this reaction to >200 g and subsequently evaluated demethylation of the C7 aryl ether. Fortunately, we were able to cleanly convert this material to the free phenol 8 after optimization of conditions previously reported to be successful for aryl ethers. We found that it was necessary to increase the amount of TBAI and BCl3 in the reaction to 3.0 equiv in order to achieve high conversion due to the additional Lewis basic functionalities present. Although we observed a slight degree of concomitant methyl ester deprotection (∼5%), these conditions were successfully employed on 170 g scale. Crude material was carried forward without additional purification after removal of the tetrabutylammonium salts through precipitation with MTBE and filtration.
The completion of the enabling synthesis of ABBV-2222 required a difluoromethylation of phenol 8 and a final saponification (Scheme 5). We initially performed these

Scheme 5. Endgame Alkylation and Saponification

steps separately but ultimately developed a high-yielding one- pot procedure that cleanly afforded the desired API. Alkylation with diethyl (bromodifluoromethyl)phosphonate as a difluor- ocarbene source proceeded rapidly in 10 vol of MeCN at −20 °C with 20 equiv of aqueous KOH (4 M) to give intermediate 9. Addition of methanol homogenized the reaction, and heating to 40 °C then effected complete saponification of the methyl ester to give the crude product. A final recrystallization of the API from MeOH/water

B

DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02099 Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX −XXX

Organic Letters
afforded a 76% yield of the desired product over three steps. This successfully delivered >130 g of ABBV-2222 with high purity (>99% potency) to support advanced preclinical studies.
In conclusion, we have reported the development of an enabling asymmetric synthesis of the clinical candidate ABBV- 2222 that was utilized to provide >130 g of the desired API to support preclinical studies. After successfully adapting an asymmetric Stoltz−Hayashi addition of 4-carbomethoxyphenyl boronic acid to 7-methoxy chromenone 4, we were able to overcome challenges associated with the unexpected insol- ubility of the key oxime intermediate and develop an efficient diastereoselective route to the primary amine 2. A late-stage substitution of ABBV-2222 for early lead compound 1 required further development of a downstream methyl ether depro- tection and one-pot difluoromethylation/saponification proto- col that allowed us to salvage the existing quantities of 2 that were already in hand. Using the route described here, we were also able to perform the entire sequence without chromatog- raphy to obtain high purity API through a total of 6 linear steps and 26% overall yield from commercially available materials (4). ABBV-2222 subsequently progressed into the develop- ment phase, and its further progress through development will be reported in due course.
■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT
*Supporting Information
The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.or- glett.9b02099.
Experimental details and characterization data for all new compounds (PDF)
■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
*E-mail: [email protected].
ORCID
Stephen N. Greszler: 0000-0003-1993-2417
Eric A. Voight: 0000-0002-9542-5356
Notes
The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): All authors are employees of AbbVie. The design, study conduct, and financial support for this research were provided by AbbVie. AbbVie participated in the interpretation of data, review, and approval of the publication.

C.; Jia, Y.; Desino, K.; Gao, W.; Yong, H.; Tse, C.; Kym, P. J. Med. Chem. 2018, 61, 1436 −1449. (b) Altenbach, R. J.; Bogdan, A.; Greszler, S. N.; Koenig, J. R.; Kym, P. R.; Liu, B.; Searle, X. B.; Voight, E.; Wang, X.; Yeung, M. C. May 9, 2017, US Patent 9,642,831 B2.
(3) Holder, J. C.; Marziale, A. N.; Gatti, M.; Mao, B.; Stoltz, B. M. Chem. – Eur. J. 2013, 19, 74 −77 and references therein .
(4) Subsequent studies identified that increased oxygen levels benefitted this reaction.
(5) See the Supporting Information for details.
(6) (a) Bognar, R.; Rakosi, M.; Fletcher, H.; Philbin, E. M.; Wheeler, T. S. Tetrahedron 1963 , 19, 391−394. (b) Bognar, R.; Clark-Lewis, J. W.; Liptakne-Tokes, A.; Rakosi, M. Aust. J. Chem. 1970, 23, 2015 − 2025.
(7) Electron-rich substrates performed well with this reduction, but we generally encountered lower yields and complex mixtures of reduction products with electron-de ficient substrates; see ref 2 for more details.

(8) For this work, the carboxylic acid was purchased from external vendors. For a concise synthetic route to cyclopropanecarboxylates through Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of Reformatsky reagents, see: Greszler, S. N.; Halvorsen, G.; Voight, E. A. Org. Lett. 2017, 19, 2490−2493.
(9) Brooks, P. R.; Wirtz, M. C.; Vetelino, M. G.; Rescek, D. M.; Woodworth, G. F.; Morgan, B. P.; Coe, J. W. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 9719−9721.
(10) (a) Zafrani, Y.; Sod-Moriah, G.; Segall, Y. Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 5278−5283. (b) Lee, J. W.; Lee, K. N.; Ngai, M.-Y. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902243.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the AbbVie Structural Chemistry group for compound characterization support. We thank the Pressure and Catalysis group for their support in hydrogenation reaction Galicaftor development.
■ REFERENCES
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02099 Org. Lett. XXXX, XXX, XXX −XXX